Discussion on Organ Donation Shortage

Medication has advanced since the times of phlebotomy, however from the point of view of a holding up beneficiary on the organ giver list, we despite everything live in obscurity ages. With a rundown of 110,941 confident possibility for organ transplant, the status of organ gift as an untouchable subject in the Intensive Care Unit (ICU) has left a normal of 20 individuals dead every day. (1) The appeal and low gracefully has prompted innovative arrangements from both clinical and government divisions, yet what’s the appropriate response? Is government mediation fundamental, or should the fed keep their laws off my liver? While the fourth yearly National Donor Designation Report Card arranged by Donate Life America shows 94. 7 million individuals were joined up with state giver libraries toward the finish of 2010,(2) it still doesn’t address the need that exists today. The deficiency of organ contributors in the U. S. is an issue. There are numerous variables that lie behind the purposes behind lack. From financial and segment variables to strict convictions, competitors just aren’t surfacing like they could. (3) â€Å"All the specialists and medical attendants I know are donors,† says Dr. Joshua Gitter, a rehearsing M. D. at John Muir Medical Center in Walnut Creek, California. â€Å"We can’t be the main ones giving organs here, ya dig? The overall population needs to step up. † The explanation organs are in constantly short gracefully is somewhat because of the U. S. strategy that requires intentional giving. Dr. Gitter says most organs for transplant originate from mishap casualties, who become mind dead after genuine head wounds. These casualties are regularly put in a coma, and the closest relative agree is required to kill the machine and give the organs. Dr. Gitter says there are normally acceptable odds of getting gifts from the groups of mishap casualties, yet each case changes on a family by family premise. Studies have indicated the odds of gift from families who had earlier information on the patients’ wishes in regards to gift have a higher pace of gift from the ICU,(4) however how frequently does mortality come up in a solid discussion with family? Craig Gammel, a San Jose inhabitant says he never had a discussion with his relatives on the subject of organ gift, so when his dad endured a cerebrum aneurism in the late spring of 2009, Mr. Gammel had no pre decided thoughts of giving his dads organs during his drive to the ICU where his dad held up in a trance like state. â€Å"You’re never prepared for a call that way. † Says Mr. Gammel, thinking about the day he got the call about his father’s aneurism. â€Å"We didn’t stand by some time before the specialists affirmed my dad was mind dead. † Craig settled on the choice to take his dad off life support in the wake of hearing the news, and consented to give his dads hazel eyes to a holding up beneficiary. At the point when the medical attendant at first moved toward Mr. Gammel with the solicitation for eye gift, she did as such in a speculative and saved way. Craig says he valued the manner in which the subject was presented, and thankful for the chance to help someone else out of luck. â€Å"Of course I needed his demise to at any rate help somebody. † He said. â€Å"The elderly person would have needed the equivalent, I think. † Craig says he wouldn’t have contemplated organ gift at that point if the medical attendant hadn’t asked him. Since organ transplant competitors can't depend entirely on these cases, the idea of ordered decision was proposed by the American Medical Association in 1994. 5) Mandated decision would make it so individuals are legally necessary to state ahead of time whether they will be an organ benefactor. The American Medical Association's Council on Ethical and Judicial Affairs underpins ordered decision. In a 1994 report, the board stated: â€Å"Requiring a choice with respect to gift would beat a significant hindrance to organ gift †the hesitance of people to think about their own demises and the aura of their bodies. †(6) â€Å"Frankly, I’m stunned that individuals need the legislature to reveal to them plan for their mortality. I wouldn’t need to be mind dead and have my family decline organ gift since I never revealed to them I needed to give. It’s equivalent to being covered with your cash. Give it for Christ sakes. † Concluded Craig. Notwithstanding, everybody doesn't share this conviction of Craig’s. â€Å"I could never permit my girls body to be cleaved up and shared like a joint at a doobie siblings show. † Said Santa Barbara occupant David Martin when inquired as to whether he would give the organs of a relative in the improbable occasion of their abrupt or unintentional passing. David’s refered to his severe confidence in Christian Science as help. His choice to go without every single clinical practice and cures is a foundation in the religion, making the idea of organ gift doubtful. While David’s convictions are of a minority conclusion, it despite everything mirrors a refusal to give sound organs to biting the dust individuals. With factors affecting gift running from family or patient perspectives and convictions to passings from injury being the choice components, it’s difficult to think of a strategy for deciding the correct chance to move toward a family. â€Å"We have been prepared to move toward the subject with however much consideration and thoughtfulness as could reasonably be expected. † Says Hillary Gitter, a rehearsing attendant at John Muir Medical Center. You’d be shocked what number of individuals are available to the solicitation on the off chance that you approach them at the perfect time and in the correct tone. † Because Hillary interfaces with patients that are hanging ti ght for organ transplants, she immovably accepts the need bests any social clumsiness that emerges when requesting organ gifts. â€Å"How would you look at somebody without flinching and state their opportunity of finding a contributor is pretty much nothing? You’ve fixed their destiny and ran all expectation with that reality, so you do what you can to assist individuals with getting givers. I think even bogus expectation is better than a capital punishment. † Said Hilary.

Aragorn Depicted as a Type of Christ Essay Example

Aragorn Depicted as a Type of Christ Essay Example Aragorn Depicted as a Type of Christ Paper Aragorn Depicted as a Type of Christ Paper carry recuperating to His kin, and assume His rignttul position as King. Jesus shows his control over death at whatever point he raises from the dead; in spite of the fact that Aragorn doesn't in fact return from death, he emblematically beats demise when he goes through the Paths of the Dead. This way is illustrative of a black market, and when Aragorn rises up out of the way alive, he shows his domain over death and satisfies the predictions prognosticating his Journey. After his landing in Minas Tirith, Aragorn is clearly portrayed as a sort of Christ as he recuperates the injured individuals in the city. At the point when he does this, loreth reviews the prediction that The hands of the ruler are the hands of a healer, thus will the legitimate lord be known. (Return of the King 1149) Therefore, as Aragorn satisfies the prediction of mending the individuals in Minas Tirith, he additionally affirms that he is the beneficiary the seat of Gondor, which he expect after the ring is decimated. In Lord of the Rings, Aragorn looks like Christ in his common initiative, quality f will, and satisfaction of old predictions. Like Jesus when he drives his pupils and adherents, Aragorn is a regarded pioneer, in whom the entirety of his devotees have total trust. Aragorn likewise has an unworldly quality of will, like that of Jesus, which permits him to oppose extraordinary shrewd and even stifle the Palantir to his will. At long last, Aragorns life is a satisfaction of old predictions that prognosticate of his beating demise, carrying recuperating to his kin, and accepting his legitimate spot as the King of Gondor. Aragorns depiction in this epic fight against malicious portrays him as being Middle-Earths extreme Savior, Just as Christ is our Savior. Tolkien, J. R. R. The Fellowship of the Ring: Being the First Part of The Lord of the Rings. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1993. Print. Tolkien, J. R. R. The Two Towers; Being the Second Part of The Lord of the Rings. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1965. Print. Tolkien, J. R. R. The Return of the King: Being the Third Part of The Lord of the Rings. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1965. Print.

Do People Have the Right to Die? Essay -- Euthanasia, Physician Assist

Living at age twenty-eight is an astonishing experience. Individuals are at their prime †being dynamic and making every moment count. In any case, for Nancy Cruzan, a horrendous auto crash removed that all. One night, driving on a peaceful street in Missouri, Nancy’s vehicle folded off the street and into a discard. For twenty minutes she lay there alone and dead. At that point, a paramedic vehicle drove by and saw the vehicle in trouble. They hauled Nancy out, and inexplicably resuscitated her back to life. In any case, she had harmed her cerebral cortex, the imperative finish of the cerebrum that gives people every engine capacity, detects, and correspondence. Nancy was left in what is known as a tenacious vegetative state (PVS), which â€Å"is a lawful term characterized in 765.101 (12) Florida rules as: ‘a lasting and irreversible state of obviousness in which there is †a) the nonappearance of intentional activity or subjective conduct of any sort; and b) a failure to convey or cooperate deliberately with the environment.† (Snow 3). Numerous individuals allude to this state just like a â€Å"vegetable.† After thinking about the circumstance for quite a while, Nancy’s family concluded that it is ideal to evacuate the taking care of cylinder that was coercively keeping her alive. Be that as it may, Nancy had no living will or social insurance intensity of lawyer which was required by law to evacuate the cylinder. Does her family reserve the privilege to settle on the choice to take her life, when she can't settle on that choice herself? Who does have that right? Do individuals reserve the privilege to pass on? This episode began numerous individuals contemplating what they accept about the issue of the option to kick the bucket and doctor helped self destruction. The narrative of Nancy Cruzan is just single situation out of numerous that individuals need to choose where they... ...ec. 24 November 1998. Video. Option to Die. Open Broadcasting System, Oregon. Newman, Ed. â€Å"Part Five: Making The Final Choice: Should Physician-Assisted Suicide Be Legalized.† The Truth Seeker 121.5 (1992). 15 October 2005 http://www.cp.duluth.mn.us/~ennyman/DAS-5.html> Newman, Ed. â€Å"Part Three: Local Perspectives on the Right to Die Debate.† Detroit Free Press FREEP 15 October 2002 http://www.cp.duluth.mn.us/~ennyman/DAS-3.html> Paris, John. â€Å"Hugh Finn’s Right to Die.† America (1998). 15 October 2005 http://www.americapress.org/articles/ParisFinn.htm> Day off. â€Å"The Right to Die?† Tampa Bay New Times May/June (2000). 23 October 2005 http://www.altnewtimes.com/e03csn.html> â€Å"The Perspectives in Brief.† Public Agenda Online (2002). 13 October 2002 http://www.publicagenda.org/issues/debate_brief.CFM?issue_type=right2die>

Film Pre-Production Essay Essay

When arranging a film creation a great deal of things need thought, for instance cash is a significant component that will be expected to subsidize the creation of the film, with the group/cast requiring installment for their work. Props need purchasing and relying upon the exchange of the film they might be very costly alongside the hardware expected to record and alter the film and the setting of where you are going to film whether it be open or private property. And furthermore such things as settlement, food and travel costs should be paid for, so splitting the cash for a creation of a film assumes an enormous job in pre-creation alongside where the wellspring of the cash is originating from, and if the wellspring of the cash distributes a spending you should get these assets inside the scope of the financial plan. Before creation of the film you have to think about the class, and what crowd the class of the film will apply to, for instance blood and gore flicks are for the most part viewed by a more youthful crowd so you may need the storyline to be relatable to them with the cast being more youthful grown-ups and them leading lives more youthful individuals may live themselves (considering, party’s and so forth.). Likewise the setting ought to be considered to apply to the class for instance if the class is science fiction you may need the setting sooner or later to be on a space transport, or be advanced. The time distributed assumes a major job in preproduction, with things like altering after all the shooting has occurred requiring thought, so the recording can’t happen straight up to the cutoff time. Additionally things like time to shoot scenes should be arranged, alongside the accessibility of the cast all through the task. Legitimate necessities are additionally a piece of pre-creation with music being utilized that isn’t copyrighted alongside all wellbeing and security laws staying unblemished, or whoever is placed in peril could sue the creation organization an enormous whole of cash deferring or halting the creation of the film. Area authorizations are additionally should have been allowed or again the proprietor of the area may sue if film there is discharged, and some other guidelines set by administrative bodies inside the creation of a film ought to likewise be followed. Material additionally assumes a significant job in the arranging of a film, with examine on the film being required ensuring the story hasn’t been done previously and on the off chance that it has, how you can make your creation stand apart more exclusively. Likewise there will be sure generics of the class you will need your film to follow so it tends to be recognized as that type which is being focused on. Music that’s not copyright should be found or created, in all probability delivered on the off chance that you need the film to have its own signature melody like with numerous enormous blockbusters.

Pressure Ulcer Prevention Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Weight Ulcer Prevention - Research Paper Example For this coordination to be accomplished, excellent counteraction requires operational practices and authoritative culture that advance correspondence and collaboration, just as close to home aptitude. Subsequently, improvement in pressure ulcer anticipation requires a framework that is planned for rolling out the necessary improvements Therefore, the reason for this paper is to recognize a portion of the progressions that are required in the Pressure Ulcer Prevention Practices in Nursing (Sullivan, 2013). Since pressure ulcer care is troublesome, endeavors to create avoidance procedures for pressure ulcer needs a framework approach that will incorporate authoritative change (Kuhn, 2013). It turns out to be extremely troublesome bring a difference in any sort inside an association particularly when it includes a few, synchronous changes in correspondence, work process, and dynamic as are required in forestalling pressure ulcer. Failure to assess the preparation of the association for the change at different levels may prompt unexpected issues during the usage. Change in Pressure Ulcer Prevention Practice helps the medical attendants and their association to find the status and think of activity steps to create it if essential. Making changes to rehearse requires one first to comprehend the current practices. With the view that pressure ulcer avoidance has totally taken new measurement is an unmistakable sign that there are more than one clear execution early stage problems in this spot. There are holes of different structures, between present prescribed procedures and genuine work rehearses because of absence of legitimate coordination among different clinical units, inconsistent access to existing wellspring of data and uniqueness in staff information. What's more, there are holes between distinguished practices and genuine. There have never been earlier endeavors to propel pressure ulcer anticipation or care inside the association. The association doesn't have a guaranteed wound consideration nurture and doesn't include doctors in wound consideration.

Factors Affecting Academic Success for High School Students - 275 Words

Factors Affecting Academic Success for High School Students (Essay Sample) Content: Factors Affecting Academic Success for High School Students Name Institution  The academic success of high school students is dependent on various factors. These can be categorized into individual learner factors, and environmental factors, both key players in a student’s academic progress. This paper briefly evaluates some of the factors, with major focus on individual learner factors. Hard work, determination, strong desire to learn new things, and self-drive are key factors influencing performance at high school. A learner who is determined to succeed academically will read, researcher, and consult widely, and will not easily miss classes or easily. This goes in line with discipline, as the latter is a precursor for effective cooperation with school authorities, including teachers. One of the key factors determining academic success is the choice of their future career. If a learner has made a choice that they will pursue a particular course at university and a specific profession later in life, an example being nursing, they are likely to work hard in the key subjects that are prerequisites for admission to university to pursue that course. The social environment also contributes directly to the academic success or failure of a student. If the learner feels comfortable, safe, loved, and respected at home and at school, they are likely to be psychologically settled and will concentrate on academics. Positive peer pressure can also result in success as the students will inspire one another to study hard and excel academically and later in life. As You (2011) notes, high school teenage age is a sensitive...

Shocking Facts Regarding Writing a Speech Uncovered

Shocking Facts Regarding Writing a Speech Uncovered Ideas, Formulas and Shortcuts for Writing a Speech When you compose a speech, your audience is composed of listeners. Utilizing jargon and slang when you attempt to get in touch with your audience. The crowd doesn't defend the weak. You're a specialist in whatever the speech is all about and familiar with the subject issue. There are a couple topics to omit from your very best man speech. There may be various regions of life whenever you're requested to make a speech. So once you get into the center portion of your speech and you do not anymore understand what things to write, you could always return to the outline of your speech so that you'd be in a position to easily continue from where you suddenly had a brain fart or that temporary mental lapse. The majority of the students don't understand how to compose a presentation, because they don't have such a subject at school. There are various types of speeches, and it's vital that speakers understand when to give which one. Learning how to compose a speech is straight forward once you learn how to write out loud. The New Angle On Writing a Speech Just Released Poor writing could lead to an audience to quit taking you seriously, even if your primary message is solid. If you are searching for top essay writing companies, try out the mentioned above. Narrative essays are normally assigned pieces of writing at various stages through school. There are numerous essay writing services that think they're the very best, and thus don't be cheated and check the legitimate list of the very best. Any mocking ought to be gentle and good-natured. Every speech story should incorporate an overall estimate of the number of folks are in the audience. If you get a hard time beginning to compose a speech, acquiring a speech outline would always work a great deal of wonders since it can also function as a guide for when you're writing. In addition, there are individuals who are more on visual learning as an alternative to hearing and you're doing them a terrific favor if you would take advantage of visual aids. Complete the purchase form and your speech help is going to be on the manner. You should write for your audience and not to write for your private satisfaction because, in the very first location, you're requested to deliver a speech for those people to hear and not just for you to hear. When you have the help you require, you're more likely to attain the results that you are wanting with your speech. Writing a Speech Can Be Fun for Everyone There are certain sorts of speeches, and each type consists of certain characteristics. You can learn more about the different forms of speeches and make a decision as to what speech type fits your assignment. If you wish to earn a funny best man speech, think about poking some type fun at the groom. An informative speech is practically the exact same as a demonstr ative speech but differs in the simple fact it does not use demonstrations. Where to Find Writing a Speech Regardless of what subject you're addressing, make sure to remain tolerant. Always utilize transition words between your examples in order for your audience will have the ability to adhere to the logic you're attempting to deliver. If you concentrate on a minor point too long then the audience will find the incorrect idea about what's vital. To assist you write from an audience perspective, identify either a true person or the sort of person who is probably to be listening to you. Two things have to be settled in your mind before you're prepared to compose your speech. When some individuals are excellent at improvising, it's still required to compose your speech in advance, let it soak in, then take another look at it to find any flaws you may have initially missed. They give speeches for a number of reasons, from arguing a point to explaining a process.

The Representation Of The Speaking Model - 949 Words

The speaking model also addresses the norms of an event, the norms address the shoulds and the should nots that can occur at a wedding. Although every bride and groom follows not each of these practices, there are many norms to a wedding held in America. Many norms followed start even months or years before the ceremony takes place. It all starts with choosing a date. This forms the base for your entire wedding; it defines what colors to use, what materials to wear, if guests can attend, and many other factors. Invitations are they sent out to all guests. Prior to the invitations, guests are chosen wisely to stay within budget. Some brides and grooms will allow their dates to bring a â€Å"plus one† or their own date, depending on the couple. Normally, there will be a pre-written and stamped envelope with the return address for RSVPs (respond s’il vous plait). A card in the envelope will allow you to choose whether you are attending or declining the invitation, bringing a guest, and what entree you would like on the day of the wedding. The couple now gets to decide on the little details of their wedding: where it will be located, the decorations and color scheme, what food will be served, and who will be on their bridal party. From there on, full wedding planning will be in effect. Wedding attire is very important to most colors. Men generally wear suits or tuxedos, and the women usually wear dresses that go with the color scheme. The bride now can pick out what she wants toShow MoreRelatedThe Theories Of A Scientific Research887 Words   |  4 Pagesof the key motivations for performing scientific research. Model is one of the most popular methods adopted by researchers to predict the future. The models of animal flocking behaviour, San Fransisco Bay model, and climate model are just few of the models which are regularly used to represent and explain the world in a simplified and mathematical way (Smith 2008; Weisberg 2013). Due to its countless applicable properties, the use of models is not limited to science only. After all, there are numerousRead MoreLanguage Arts Development Essay1695 Words   |  7 Pagesmany different aspects of learning. There are many theories that suggest the different ways that children learn, but in the end there are six key concepts that each child must master in order to be fully proficient. These are reading, writing, speaking, listening, viewing, and visually representing. These concepts build upon each other and work together to ensure that the child will have a strong educational foundation. Reading begins early in childhood and usually begins with a child learningRead MoreEAT1/2 Task 1 602.8-.3 Essay1217 Words   |  5 Pageshave created the most advanced system of language. Human language has advanced to include listening, speaking, reading, writing, viewing and visual representation. These components are known as the six language arts and while they are individual components they are as well interdependent. What you learn about one affects what and how you learn about the others. Listening is the foundation for speaking, reading and writing. Listening is how we interpret sounds that we hear and what those sounds meanRead MoreMusic Alone : Philosophical Reflections On The Purely Musical Experience1232 Words   |  5 Pagesto what makes the sounds we hear so impressionable upon our very being in an order to understand music. Peter Kivy discusses two models in his book, â€Å"Music Alone; Philosophical Reflections on the Purely Musical Experience†, accounting for musical appreciation, namely, the stimulation model and the representational model of musical pleasure. Kivy compares these two models of conceptualization on many different accounts. We learn, through his defense, that he takes the stance as to say that music isRead MoreIntrusive Images, Neural Mechanisms, And Treatment Implications1605 Words   |  7 Pagesprovides a revised dual representation theory of posttraumatic stress disorder, and discusses treatment implications associated with the n ew revised model to compare it with existing forms of psychological therapy. Characteristics â€Å"Intrusions are instances of involuntary or direct, as opposed to voluntary retrieval in that their appearance in consciousness is spontaneous rather than following a deliberate effort or search† (Brewin et al., 2010, p. 210). When speaking of intrusions, manyRead MoreNotes On Association Rule Mining1155 Words   |  5 Pagesreplication of low latency operations with all the clients. The performance of Cassandra is very high, and contains a data model which is divided into row store with consistency. Data Mining: The major calculations in Data mining and examination shape the premise for the rising field of information science, which incorporates computerized techniques to dissect designs and models for a wide range of information, with applications running from investigative disclosure to business insight and examinationRead MoreTrends And Patterns Of Asian North American1634 Words   |  7 PagesAsian-North American Representation in Hollywood Momo S. Tanaka University of Saskatchewan Trends and Patterns in Asian-North American Representation in Hollywood I saw the highly promoted movie adaptation of The Hunger Games in spring of 2012, and I left the theatre wondering one thing: where were all the Asians? This is not an uncommon occurrence: as a second generation Japanese-Canadian, I have grown up surrounded by American and Canadian media that lacks representation of Asians to theRead MoreThe Movie : Charlie Chan1692 Words   |  7 Pagesof their knowledge of Chan’s Heritage. It is hard not to get the occasional laugh out of Chan’s clever one-liners, and thus his character became extremely popular through this film. White Americans found interest in the film as they found Chan’s â€Å"model minority† stereotype as a â€Å"bright, shining example of hard work and patience whose example other minority groups should follow†(Huang 226). The success of Charlie Chan Carries On certainly paved the way for a more positive Asian stereotype, howeverRead MoreAntwone fisher and Personality1015 Words   |   4 Pagesâ€Å"observational learning or modeling will not occur unless the subject pays attention to the model† (Schultz Schultz, 2013). For example, even though Antwone was not raised by his biological parents, he had several influences in his life. Antwone’s foster mother had a momentous influence on Antwone. Antwone was violent towards him and may have taught him to be aggressive. However, there are some instances that a model does not always have an impact on an individual in every area of his or her life (SchultzRead MoreSurge Of Identity Through The Tobacco Industry Essay1179 Words   |  5 PagesSurge of identity through the tobacco industry The 1960’s is infamous for its sense of freedom: the age of the hippies, bell bottoms, long free hair, rock n’ roll and love. Though, what people do not bluntly address is the lack of representation among the African American society. Fear harnessed the 1960’s with the Cuban Missile Crisis, Vietnam War, and the assassinations of both John F Kennedy and Martin Luther King. In a way for the people to cope with the fear and anger of what was going on, people

Childrens ESL Lesson Old MacDonald Had a Farm

Level: Beginner (children)Focus: Vocabulary Note: This work was prepared to take advantage of all the potential of a song like â€Å"Old MacDonald Had a Farm† may offer to work with different kind of animals. The methodology used permits any teacher to adapt the matter according to their necessities. Grade Level: Young ChildrenSong: â€Å"Old Mac Donald Had a Farm†Lyric: Old MacDonald Had a Farm Traditional Old MacDonald had a farmEe-yi-ee-i-ohAnd on this farm there was a dogEe-yi-ee-i-ohWith a woof woof hereAnd a woof woof thereHere a woofThere a woofEverywhere a woof woofOld MacDonald had a farmEe-yi-ee-i-oh†¦. 2nd verse: cat/meow Optional from 3 to 6: 3rd verse: horse/neigh4th verse: duck/quack5th verse: cow /moo6th verse: pig/oink Objectives Make the students have fun making sounds.Children should have an active part in singing, making his or her animal sounds.The children will also learn to work with each other by presenting their piece in the song. Materials Needed to Teach the Lesson The songbook and tape of â€Å"Old Mac Donald Had a Farm.†The pictures of the animals of the song that contain the sound that each animal reproduces.Sheets of paper that children will use to match animals and the sound they make. They must have some pictures.Sheets of paper that contain the lyrics of â€Å"Old MacDonald Had A Farm† but the lyrics should have some blanks to be completed by each child. They should include some pictures. Teaching Procedure I. Preparing the Class: Choose animals the children know or pre-teach the animals for the song – ducks, pigs, horses, sheep etc.Make pictures of each animal for all children in the class. These pictures should have written the sound that the animals produce.Prepare sheets of paper to match animals and their sounds II. Introduction to the Lesson: Create a classroom mural titled What We Know About Farms.†Set up a farm display area to generate interest in the new classroom theme (might include straw hats, overalls, farm toys and of course animals).Hand out the pictures of each animal to all children in the class. Check that they know the English word for their animals.Make the children think about their favorite animal that lives on a farm.Make the student listen to the recording of â€Å"Old MacDonald Had A Farm†, and think about what animal from the song they want to be. (Then, they will be asked to participate according to the choice they made). III. Step by step Procedures for Teaching the Focus Concepts: Listen to the recording of the song line by line; Old MacDonald Had a Farm and ask children to join you according to the animal they have selected. If it is necessary, stop the song line by line until they get the idea.Sing the song together with the accompaniment provided on tape. Remember children may learn very easily by using echoic memory.Promote mimics, gestures, etc. associated with  the meaning to make children play a participative role freely. Remember children have energy and want to make noise. Songs will channel these natural inclinations positively. IV. Closure and Review of the Lesson: Divide up the children into their animal groups to sing Old MacDonald Had A Farm song without the accompaniment of the tape. Assessing Understanding of the Concept Taught Make the children sing in a cappella with their farm animal group. In this way, you will listen more closely to discover if the children are pronouncing correctly the most important words of the song such as the name of the animals and the sounds they produce.Hand out the sheets of paper that have the lyrics with some blanks.Finally, as an option, children may use a paper to match animal sounds to the correct farm animals at class or home. This lesson has kindly been provided by Ronald Osorio.

Federalists vs. Democratic-Republicans Essay - 743 Words

An Ever-Growing Split The United States began as a weak, newborn nation that grew into a large, self-supporting country with a governing body unique to this time period. As the government grew and the nation prospered, the rise of leaders and political figures came about and with this, conflicting principles and ideology spawned, thus creating the first of the political parties; the Federalists and the Democratic-Republicans. Although the Federalists and the Democratic-Republicans ideology and stances on the power of the federal government, domestic economic policies and the group of constituents they represented differed vastly, members of both parties often compromised their own beliefs for the nation’s best interest as a whole.†¦show more content†¦Another main issue concerning the parties and their different views was centered on domestic economic policies; the creation and sustainment of the National Bank. Federalists were in favor of the National Bank because they believed the nation would thrive off of business, commerce and industry. Although the Constitution did not state within itself the creation of a national banking system, Federalists often loosely interpreted the Constitution. Democratic-Republicans, on the other hand, were strongly opposed to the creation of the National Bank, fearing that it placed too much control in the hands of the federal government. Democratic-Republicans had a strict interpretation of the Constitution, meaning that if the Constitution did not explicitly authorize something to the federal government, then it was reserved to the states. Because of Federalist’s ideals that the nation would prosper off of industry, they gained much support from bankers, merchants, manufacturers, and the elite. Their support system was based in the North, due to the North’s growing industrial economy because of their bitter climate, ports, and abundance of natural resources. However, the Democratic-Republ icans gained much of the South’s vote because of their support in farmers and planters. Their belief in state’s rights, individualism, neutrality and preference of an agricultural society as opposed to an industrial society won them support in the south. With theirShow MoreRelatedFederalists vs. Democratic Republicans922 Words   |  4 Pagesthat was supposed to preserve our freedoms and certain liberties. All Americans at that time wanted to keep America a free an independent nation with rights for its people. However there was two different groups, the Federalists lead by Alexander Hamilton and the Democratic-Republicans led by Thomas Jefferson, which thought this could be achieved in very different ways. Thomas Jefferson and Alexander Hamilton were very different in their methods to try and develop America as a nation. The twoRead MoreFederalists vs. Democratic Republicans Essay484 Words   |  2 PagesFederalists vs. Democratic Republicans George Washington himself wanted to avoid a party system in America. Unfortunately, even when saying this he was part of the beginning of one of the first parties in United States politics. There have been many different parties surface since the beginning of the American political system. They all have different thoughts, policies, and motivations. Each party has come and gone, some have made significant contributions and others have not. The first splitRead MoreReform Of Action : Federalists Vs Democratic Republican1440 Words   |  6 PagesPlan of Action: Federalists vs Democratic-Republican From 1789 to 1816, the Federalists and Democratic-Republicans approached many problems differently, sometimes however, they had the same solutions to problems which were posed by England and the Native Americans. The Federalists and Democratic-Republicans both had different and sometimes similar viewpoints on how to solve the problems they faced during this particular time period. Federalists supported a strong, huge government that had a looseRead MoreEmergence of a Two-Party System 1789-18081405 Words   |  6 Pagespolitical system in which the electorate gives its majority of votes to only two major parties and in which one or the other party can win a majority in the legislature. An example of a two-party system is the United States of America, which has the Republicans and the Democrats. 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Internet and Information Paper - 783 Words

Internet and Information Paper Your name University of Phoenix Media and American Culture HUM/176 Wendell Smith July 20, 2012 Internet and Information Paper Hello, It’s good to hear from you. You’re right to be fascinated about the internet; it can be a great tool. I use the internet nearly every day it’s like having a dictionary, thesaurus, almanac, encyclopedia, and library all rolled into one and open 24 hours a day 7 days a week. The internet is a great tool however finding the information you’re looking for is like finding a needle in a stack of paperclips, lots of information that’s similar but not quite what you’re looking for it. The most common tool we use to†¦show more content†¦The digital divide is a term used for to describe the growing distance between those with access to information and those who don’t have the access. We would be a perfect example of the digital divide. What makes us a perfect example would be your lack of access to the internet and electronic devices like smartphone, computers, and the internet and how I have access to all of that information at the tou ch of my fingers. One aspect of the digital divide is the speed in which people can access information. The difference between high speed internet and dialup can have a major impact on staying informed. One way we are trying to bridge the digital divided is by trying to increase access to the internet. Organizations like the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation have been leading advocates of provided the public access to the internet with networked computers in libraries since 1997. Some would say we are succeeding at least in the United States now that nearly 99 percent of public libraries have internet access available to the public. Now we are working on expanding the number of computers in those libraries. 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1. Marketing research Essay Example For Students

1. Marketing research Essay (1.1) Market * Size of the market The size of the market is large the whole car industry (world-wide) with multi-billion pound worth of value. Below are some of the car manufacturers today: Acura | Alfa Romeo | American Motors | Audi | British Marques | BMW | Bricklin | Bugatti | Buick | Cadillac | Chevrolet | Chrysler | Citroen | Daewoo | DeLorean | DeTomaso | Dodge | Eagle | Ferrari | Fiat | Ford | General Motors | Holden | Honda | Hyundai | Infiniti | Isuzu | Jaguar | Jensen | Kia | Lada | Lamborghini | Lancia | Lexus | Lincoln | Lotus | MG | Maserati | Mazda | Mercedes Benz | Mercury | Mitsubishi | Nissan | Oldsmobile | Opel | Peugeot | Plymouth | Pontiac | Porsche | Renault | Rover | Saab | Saturn | Skoda | Studebaker | Subaru | Sunbeam | Suzuki | TVR | Toyota | Trabant | Triumph | Tucker | Vauxhall | Vector | Volkswagen | Volvo * Market structure The type of marketing in which we are concerned with can be categorised as industrial marketing. This means that we are making specialised products that are sold to car companies and manufacturers rather than the general public. The obvious reason for this is that the product is assumed to be fitted onto cars by engineers only. * Industry output Below is the statistics on car production. This information is required as we need to identify growth potential which is the key to find a new opportunity. A growing market is where prices and margins are higher and therefore more desirable. * Mode of transport This research covered travel patterns among London passengers. Travelling by car comes first with a share of 49% and bus usage follows with 19%. This is shown below. Source : London Transport Household Survey (1.2) Product * Factors that may affect demand for the product Demand for this type of product may be affected by several factors: 1. The rate of national income which depends on the Gross National Product (GNP) and the capital consumption. As the national income increases, so does the production of goods and services which include cars. The quarterly national accounts is shown below. Personal sector Industrial and commercial Gross domestic Gross domestic Gross national saving ratio companies financial product at current product at constant disposable income at surplus or deficit market prices factor cost constant market prices per cent bn 1990=100 seasonally adjusted 1996 Q1 11. 7 1 131.1 107.6 108.3 Q2 11.9 2.6 132. 7 108.2 109.4 Q3 11.7 1.3 134.4 108. 9 109.8 Source: ONS 2. Demand is also affected by a change in price of the product. A survey was conducted to find the general response to price changes. 30 samples of potential customers were taken and the result of the survey is shown below. * Competitors Pricing The chart below shows how car manufacturers (up-market) charge for their electrical optional equipment. (1.3) Competitors * Competitive analysis The company is a leader in terms of the product its developed but in such a large market, many other new technologies have been introduced. These products are designed to help improve vehicle owner safety and security. They offer significant potential for automotive manufacturers. A study called APEAL by J.D. Power has shown that consumers best interests are technologies that lessen the chance of an accident. This could mean that the product has some chances of success. This could be further proved by certain tests. Some of the emerging technologies of greatest interests to consumers are: * Run-flat Tyres : drive up to 100 miles on a flat tyre * Automatic 911 dialling : in an accident, vehicle would automatically contact 911 * Vision Enhancement : computer screen display to aid driving when visibility is poor * Automatic Stability Control : Sensor which keeps driver from losing control * Remote start-up : A button on the key which would start the vehicle from a distance 2. Marketing of the product (2.1) Product and Planning * Product lines and ranges The company, so far, will manufacture a single product (one line) at a single price (one range). .u03d4ab55cf0344700e89f505e3465355 , .u03d4ab55cf0344700e89f505e3465355 .postImageUrl , .u03d4ab55cf0344700e89f505e3465355 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u03d4ab55cf0344700e89f505e3465355 , .u03d4ab55cf0344700e89f505e3465355:hover , .u03d4ab55cf0344700e89f505e3465355:visited , .u03d4ab55cf0344700e89f505e3465355:active { border:0!important; } .u03d4ab55cf0344700e89f505e3465355 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u03d4ab55cf0344700e89f505e3465355 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u03d4ab55cf0344700e89f505e3465355:active , .u03d4ab55cf0344700e89f505e3465355:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u03d4ab55cf0344700e89f505e3465355 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u03d4ab55cf0344700e89f505e3465355 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u03d4ab55cf0344700e89f505e3465355 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u03d4ab55cf0344700e89f505e3465355 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u03d4ab55cf0344700e89f505e3465355:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u03d4ab55cf0344700e89f505e3465355 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u03d4ab55cf0344700e89f505e3465355 .u03d4ab55cf0344700e89f505e3465355-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u03d4ab55cf0344700e89f505e3465355:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Essential Aspects of Communication Displayed Through Film Essay Therefore we need not worry about the product mix at the moment, though preparations should be done prior to further product development such as variations in models, quality offered at different price levels, responses to consumer needs or manufacturing process. (2.2) Packaging * Package design The package should provide protection, .

Hkcee Chemistry 2007 free essay sample

The products of cracking contained unsaturated (hydrocarbons) / alkenes / C=C / ethane / reasonable name of alkene, which decolourised the bromine water immediately by addition reaction (2) (II) The student then dropped more bromine water into the boiling tube until the brown colour of the bromine water persisted. After about 10 minutes, the brown colour disappeared. Why? The products of cracking also contained saturated (hydrocarbons) / alkanes / methane/reasonable name or molecular formula of alkane, which decolourised the bromine water slowly by substitution reaction. 2) 3. The diagram below shows the set-up used in performing a microscale experiment. A drop of hydrochloric acid was added to the drop of chlorine bleach in a petri dish was immediately covered with is lid. Chlorine gas formed by the reaction between chlorine bleach and hydrochloric acid eventually filled up the whole set-up. a) Write a chemical equation for the reaction between chlorine bleach and hydrochloric acid. (1) b) State the expected observation at position C and position D. In each case, write a relevant chemical equation if a reaction occurred. i. Position C Change (from colourless) to brown/yellow (1) (1) ii. Position D No observable change/reaction (1) c) Suggest one advantage of replacing test tube experiments with morescale experiments. Less chemicals are used / less harmful to environment / less dangerous / easy to handle / save money / save time (1) 4. A student learnt from a book that an ancient chemical cell could be made by immersing an iron rod in a liquid placed inside a copper can. The liquid used was vinegar but not wine. The diagram below shows the set-up designed by him in simulation the cell. ) Explain, in terms of structure and property of particles why the liquid inside the ancient chemical cell was vinegar but not wine. Both vinegar and wine contain molecules. (1) Only vinegar (ethanoic acid) can ionize in water / contains (mobile) ions for conducting electricity. (1) b) The student found that the iron rod dissolved gradually, and colourless gas bubbles were given out on the inner wall of the copper can. i. Write a half equation, involving iron, for the reaction that occurred at the iron rod. (1) ii. Write a half equation for the reaction that occurred on the inner wall of the copper can. 1) c) The student found that colourless gas bubbles were also given out at the surface of the iron rod that immersed in vinegar. Explain the observation. Iron reacts directly with vinegar/H+ (aq) giving out hydrogen gas. (1) 5. A solid sample contains zinc and copper only. The composition of the solid sample was analysed experimentally as outlined below: 2. 00 g of the solid sample was added to excess dilute hydrochloric acid in a beaker. Upon completion of reaction, the mixture inside the beaker was filtered. The residue obtained was first washed with distilled water, and then dried. The mass of the dried residue was 1. 75 g. a) Write a chemical equation for the reaction involved. (1) b) How can one know that the reaction has been completed? No further gas evolved (1) c) Explain why it is necessary to wash the residue obtained. To wash away Zn2+ / Cl- / H+ / ZnCl2 / HCl /acid left behind (1) d) Explain why it is NOT appropriate to dry the residue with a Bunsen flame after washing. Copper will be oxidized / become copper(II) oxide / copper reacts with oxygen (or air) (1) e) Assuming negligible experimental errors, calculate the percentage of zinc by mass in the solid sample. Percentage of zinc by mass in the sample = (2. 00 – 1. 75)/2. 00 x 100% = 12. 5% (2) 6. Read the paragraph below and answer the questions that follow. Magnesium is a useful metal. Scientists adopt different methods to extract magnesium form magnesium oxide. In 1828, a scientist obtained magnesium in two steps. In the first step, magnesium oxide reacts with chlorine and carbon to form magnesium chloride. In the second step, the magnesium chloride formed reacts with potassium to give magnesium. In 1951, some scientists adopted another chemical process to obtain magnesium form magnesium chloride. Potassium is not used in this process, and there is even no need to use any other chemicals. | a) Write a chemical equation for the reaction that occurred in the first step of the method used by the scientist in 1828. (1) b) Name the type of reaction between potassium and magnesium chloride. Why can potassium react with magnesium chloride to give magnesium? Redox (reaction) / displacement (reaction) (1) Potassium is a more powerful reducing agent / more reactive than magnesium (1) c) I. What would be the chemical process that can obtain magnesium from magnesium chloride, without using potassium or other chemicals, in 1951? Electrolysis (1) II. What property does magnesium chloride possess so as to make the chemical process possible? Magnesium chloride is an ionic compound / electrolyte/conduct electricity in molten state/contains mobile ions. (1) d) Suggest one use of magnesium in daily life. Sacrificial protection / making alloy / firework / flash (1) 7. This question involves how to distinguish four unlabelled test tubes, each containing one of the following colourless liquids: a) By heating a small amount of each of the colourless liquids to dryness, ONE of the liquids can be distinguished. Suggest which liquid can be distinguished, and state the observation involved. Concentrated sodium hydroxide solution (1) Solid / powder left (1) b) By applying a flame directly to a small amount of each of the colourless liquids, TWO of the liquids would catch fire. i. Suggest which two liquids would catch fire. Methanol and hexane (1) ii. For the two liquids that would catch fire, the observations involved during combustion are different. Suggest the difference in these observations, and explain your answer. Methanol burns with a blue flame while hexane burns with a yellow flame / hexane burns with a more sooty flame than methanol (1) Carbon content in hexane is higher than that in methanol (1) iii. Without using other chemicals apart from the above colourless liquids, suggest another method to distinguish the two liquids that would catch fire. State the expected observation. (Smelling is not accepted. ) Add distilled water / conc. Sodium hydroxide solution separately to methanol and hexane. Methanol is miscible with distilled water. Conc. Sodium hydroxide solution while hexane is not. (1) OR Just mix then together. Two layers are observed. Upper layer is hexane while lower layer is methanol. OR Carry out boiling point test. The one with higher boiling point is hexane. 8. a) Teflon is a plastic that can be used to make artificial hip joints. Teflon is an addition polymer of linear structure consisting of carbon and fluorine only. The ratio of the number of carbon atoms to the number of fluorine atoms in the polymer is 1 : 2. i. Draw a portion of the Teflon structure with 10 carbon atoms. (1) ii. Write the repeating unit of Teflon, and suggest a possible monomer of Teflon. Repeating Unit: (1) Monomer: CF2— CF2 / Tetrafluoroethene (1) b) Nylon is a polymer that can be used to make carpets. A portion of the nylon structure is shown below: i. With reference to the given structure, explain whether nylon is a thermoplastic or thermosetting plastic. Nylon is a thermoplastic as there are no cross links. (1) ii. Suggest one reason why recycling of used carpets to recover nylon is difficult. Carpets may be made of a variety of materials. Separating nylon from carpets may be difficult. (1) iii. State one disadvantage of disposing of nylon carpets by incineration. Poisonous gas / NO2 / NO / CO / HCN / soot may evolve. (1) For question 9, candidates are required to give answers in paragraph form. For the question, 6 marks will be awarded for chemical knowledge and 3 marks for effective communication. 9. A certain brand of rust remover contains an acid of high concentration. The rust remover can be used for removing tough rust stains; while the rust remover, after dilution, can be used for removing comparatively light rust stains. Write some instructions, with reasons, on how the rust remover can be used safely at home. Two sentences have been given below as an introduction. The rust remover should be kept out of reach from children as it contains an acid of high concentration. The rust remover should not be swallowed because it is harmful. Chemical knowledge (6) Corrosive property * Safety glasses / goggles / rubber gloves / protective clothings / avoid contact with skin or eyes / wash with plenty of water it contacted with skin. * Because acid of high concentration is corrosive. Dilution process * Add slowly small amount of rust remover into a large amount of water with stirring * Because large amount of heat given out in dilution of the rust remover (acid of high concentration) / avoid rust remover (acid) splashing out. Other potential dangers Use plastic container instead of metal / do not use to clean marble / do not mix with chlorine bleach or caustic soda / do not put in warm place * Because will damage metal container / damage marble / toxic gas evolves if mix with chlorine bleach / large amount of heat releases if mix with caustic soda / acidic gas evolves if put in warm place. Effective communication (3) Section B 10. In an experiment to determine the concentration of phosphoric acid (H3PO4), 10. 0 cm3 of the acid was first diluted 250. 0 cm3 with distilled water. 25. 0 cm3 of the diluted solution was then transferred to a conical flask and titrated with a 0. 25 M sodium hydroxide solution using phenolphthalein as indicator. 17. 60 cm3 of sodium hydroxide solution was needed to reach the end point. a) Describe briefly how 10. 0 cm3 of phosphoric and can be diluted to 250. 0 cm3 with distilled water in the laboratory. 10. 0 cm3 of the acid is transferred into a 250. 0 cm3 volumetric flask using a pipette. (1) Distilled water is added up to the graduation mark. (1) b) Phosphoric acid reacts with sodium hydroxide in the titration according to the following equation: Calculate the molarity of the original phosphoric acid before dilution. No. of moles of NaOH = 0. 0176 x 0. 025 = 4. 40 x 10-4 No. f moles of H3PO4 in 25. 0 cm3 of the dil. soln. = 4. 40 x 10-4 / 2 = 2. 20 x 10-4 Molarity of the original phosphoric acid = 2. 20 x 10 -4 x 10 / (10/1000) = 0. 22 M (3) c) ‘At the beginning of titration, the solution in the conical flask turned pink upon the addition of sodium hydroxide solution but because colourless immediately upon swirling. However, pear the end point, the solution took longer time to become colourless upon swirling. ’ Explain why the time needed for the solution to become colourless is different at the two stages mentioned above. Neutralization is a quick process. 1) As titration proceeds, concentration of acid decreases, less chance of NaOH to contact with the acid / rate of reaction decreases. (1) d) In the titration, the 0. 025 M sodium hydroxide solution was used a standard solution. i. What does the term ‘standard solution’ mean? A solution of known concentration. (1) ii. Comment whether it is appropriate to prepare a standard solution of sodium hydroxide by the following procedure: ‘Weigh a sample of solid sodium hydroxide, dissolve it in some distilled wa ter and make up to a known volume of solution. ’ Not appropriale. Solid sodium hydroxide absorbs water/CO2 readily in air. 1) 11. In a chemical piant, extraction of copper from its ores involves roasting copper(I) sulphide with air inside a high temperature fumace. Copper(I) sulphide reacts with oxygen in air according to the following equation: The copper so extracted contains impurities including metals such as silver, iron, zinc and gold. The impure copper is then purified by electrolysis as illustrated in the diagram below: a) With reference to the reaction between copper(I) sulphide and ixygen, identify the species undergoing oxidation and the species undergoing reduction. Explain your answers in terms of changes in oxidation numbers. Species undergo oxidation is sulphide ion, O. N. of S changes from -2 to -4. (1) Species undergo reduction are copper(I) ion and oxygen, O. N. of Cu changes from +1 to 0 and O. N. of O changes from 0 to -2. (1) b) Explain briefly bow impure copper can be purified by electrolysis as illustrated in the diagram above. The impure copper anode (+ve electrode) becomes copper(II) ions / Cu Cu2- + 2e- (1) Copper(II) ions in the solution discharge on the pure copper cathode (-ve electrode) / Cu2- + 2e- Cu (1) c) Insoluble impurities deposit under the impure copper anode as ‘anode sludge’. According to the information given, suggest what substances the anode sludge would contain. Explain your answer. Silver and gold (1) They are less reactive than copper (less readily to dissolve as ions when compared with copper) (1) d) ‘The concentration of copper(II) ions in copper(II) sulphate solution remains UNCNGED in the above electrolysis. ’ Is this statement correct? Explain your answer. Not correct. Concentration of copper (II) ions drops gradually. At anode, iron/zinc dissolve as ions because they become ions more readily then copper. (1) However at cathode, copper (II) ions are always preferentially discharged. 1) e) State TWO advantages of building a factory in which contact process is carried out near the chemical plant mentioned above * SO2 available as resource for contact process. * The cost of transportation of SO2 is minimized * Prevent air pollution induced by SO2. (any 2 points above, 1 mark for each point, 2) 12. Organic compound Z contains carbon, h ydrogen and oxygen only. Analysis of Z gives the following results: i. 1. 0 g of Z contains 0. 401 g of carbon, 0. 068 g of hydrogen and 0. 531 g of oxygen. ii. 1. 0 g of Z, upon complete vapourisation, occupies 400 cm3 at room temperature and pressure. ii. There are no observable changes when potassium carbonate solution is added to Z. iv. Brown colour of bromine remains unchanged when several drops of bromine in organic solvent are added to Z. (Molar volume of gas at room temperature and pressure = 24 dm3) a) Calculate the empirical formula of Z. (2) b) Deduce the molecular formula of Z. (2) c) i. Suggest a possible structure of Z. Explain your answer. HCOOCH3 (1) Explanations: From (III): Z is not an acid. (1) From (IV): No C=C double bond in Z. (1) ii. Five the systematic name for the compound represented by the structure you suggested in (i). Methyl methanoate (1) For question 13, candidates are required to give answers in paragraph form. For this question, 6 marks will be awarded for chemical knowledge and 3 marks for effective communication. 13. Discuss the similarities and differences between soapy detergents and soapless detergents with reference to their raw materials, structures and properties. Chemical Knowledge (6) * Both soapy and soapless detergents have ionic group / head and long hydrocarbon chain / tail. * Both soapy and soapless detergents have hydrophilic property and hydrophobic property. Soapy detergents made from fats / oils, while soapless detergents made from petroleum. * Soapy detergents have —COO- group, while soapless detergents have —SO3 / —OSO3- group. * Soapy detergents cannot wark with hard water / acidic medium, wile soapless detergents can. * Bother soapy and soapless detergents act as wetting agents. * Both soapy and soapless detergents act as emulsifying agents * Soapy d etergents are wsually biodegradable, while soapless detergents usually are not. * Soapless detergents can be tailor-made, while soapy detergents cannot. Effective communication (3)

Holocaust Argumentative Essay Topics

Holocaust Argumentative Essay TopicsHolocaust argumentative essay topics often rely on emotions, issues of history, and issues of the soul. This is one topic you will not be able to avoid as it is a real possibility.Why is it important that you use emotions to ask questions? This can be used to provide a solid foundation to start a discussion with someone. It is a way to quickly and easily establish and build upon a topic. It is also a good way to get someone to think and learn about a controversial topic.Another thing to keep in mind is that it can help you communicate your opinions to the person, in a way that they can understand and gain a more neutral perspective. When writing an essay about any topic, it is best to ensure that it does not focus on one specific viewpoint or opinion. Instead, it should be able to show many different perspectives and have them start a discussion about the issue.In this case, using emotions and feelings to introduce the topic can lead the person to develop their own feelings and opinions as well as your 'everyone's perspective' of the situation. Of course, the end result should be that both the writer and the reader have a positive understanding of the situation. When you are creating an essay, it is important to keep in mind that you are also bringing your topic into the paper.Holocaust argumentative essay topics often deal with issues of history. For example, if you had the opportunity to write a short essay about the issue of the conflict in Europe during World War II, what would you discuss? What were the events, the reasons behind them, and how did they affect everyone? How do you feel about the war?When you think about it, any topic that deals with history or dealing with war can help bring up the question of what happened in the Holocaust. The only way to really answer these questions is to deal with them in your essay. The answers are based on your personal experiences and thoughts as well as information about the even t that has been put into the public eye.You will find that most people who are aware of the Holocaust do not want to discuss it in public. They may feel uncomfortable talking about the subject as it has a bad connotation to many people. For some, this is due to the loss of life, but for others, it is due to the whole tragedy and the circumstances that took place. It is important to understand this when you are creating your essay.Holocaust argumentative essay topics can bring about many arguments and even heated debates. It is one topic that cannot be avoided, so the best way to handle it is to not avoid it but to make sure that you are willing to speak about it openly and honestly. You will be surprised at the impact that you will have on others when you bring the topic up in your essay.

Ballads essays

Ballads essays Ballads are poems, usually expressed through musical stanzas that tell a story. Readers and listeners from children to adults, all socioeconomic classes and education levels enjoy ballads from the Middle Ages to the present day. Ballads tell stories of a time in which the composer lived. They may be stories about families, fisherman, poor-men, love, heroes, and working classes. Some are funny and some are satirical. The poems or stories are not sophisticated; rather they draw on emotion. People are drawn to folklore and/or a belief in the supernatural. They are moved by the tragedy of loved ones, stirred by acts of bravery, raged by acts of violence, comforted by justice that prevails and humored by good-natured squabbles and quick whit. The main characteristic of a ballad is the beginning usually tells the end of the story. In the Middle Age era, there is little to no background material given and little is known about the characters before the central event is told. Many stories recounted events that were well known to their audience so it was unnecessary to give background information or identify the characters by name. If the story was about a certain king he was simply referred to as the king and everyone knew whom the author was referring to. Popular ballads of todays era give more background information about the characters in the first verse so the audience can relate to the poem or song. Similarities of Middle Age and modern day ballads include the stanzas. The stanza is generally a four or five line phrase that may or may not rhyme. Ballads are kept in simple language and are made up of four to five lines versus. There is usually repetition at the end of the verse, called a refrain, used for the artist to either think up the next verse, as often done during the Middle Ages, or to advance the story as used in popular ballads. Frankie and Johnny, (Boyd Bench) and M...

CEOs essays

CEO's essays If you were to ask me what I wanted to be when I graduate, I would give you an answer that you would not likely expect. It would be something that is impossible to be right out of college, but it is my main goal. That job is that of a CEO. I enjoy being a leader and making an impression with everything I do, but I was unsure if that was material for a future CEO. I found a book that really struck my attention because it is a book about fifty of the nations most successful businessmen. This book is Lessons from the Top by Thomas J. Neff and James M. Citrin. It reveals insights and gives you a closer look at their million dollar ideas and what sparked them. This book profiles fifty of the nations best CEOs and highlights at the end on six principles that all of them more or less share. The six principles to successful management by Neff and Citrin are: 1) Live with Integrity and Lead by Example 2) Develop a winning strategy or Big Idea 5) Create a Flexible, Responsive Organizations 6) Reinforcing Management and Compensation These principles are not in a particular order or should not be done one at a time, but these are something that should be implemented in your company around the clock. Living with integrity and leading by example are two of the essentials to success. It is the voice of right and wrong that directs you through life. Hank Greenberg of AIG thinks integrity coupled with the ability to achieve results is what makes a good leader. Employees spend a lot of time watching the boss to see what he is doing and because of this managers must have a large amount of humility. Many say a persons ego can be their demise. Herb Kelleher makes a good point when he says, The best leaders must be good followers as well. He says you have to be willing to go for other peoples ideas even and especially when you are struggling with your own. Herb Kelleher is quot...

Argument Analysis Assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Argument Analysis Assignment - Essay Example Jones argues that violent media is good for kids because its juvenile and violent qualities are appropriate to children’s need for identification, which will help them deal with their personal fears and anxieties and develop confident identities. The author uses ethos and pathos to successfully convince his audience that violent media is not entirely bad for children, but the strength of his claims weaken due to the fallacies of biased sample and confusing cause and effect. Jones utilizes ethos effectively because his own childhood and professional experiences demonstrate how violent media helps children cope with their unique challenges and aspirations. He begins his article with his childhood dilemma: â€Å"At 13 I was alone and afraid† (Jones par.1). This hook represents his identification with current children, for they too, being small and helpless, tend to be alone and afraid. He establishes that he knows what it feels to be young and to need something strong to hold on to. In addition, Jones narrates how the Incredible Hulk helped him cope with his childhood fears and insecurities. He stresses the Hulk’s role in his childhood life: â€Å"I had a fantasy self who was a self: unafraid of his desires and t he worlds disapproval, unhesitating and effective in action. ‘Puny boy follow Hulk!’ roared my fantasy self, and I followed† (par.4). Jones highlights that because of Hulk, he develops a stronger persona, a child who is more confident in facing the world’s uncertainties. Aside from personal childhood experiences, Jones effectively uses his professional work to underscore that violent media can help kids explore and develop their identities. He mentions his work with urban youth: â€Å"[With a psychologist, he] developed Power Play, a program for helping young people improve their self-knowledge and sense of potency through heroic, combative storytelling† (par.10). His work with the children indicates that he

The Life of Pi by Yann Martel Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Life of Pi by Yann Martel - Essay Example This leads to the creation of another version of the same story; this time, however, instead of animals on the raft there are people, Taiwanese sailor, his mother, the cook and the blind French man. The characters in the new story resembles to the animals in the life boat of the original story. And after two hundred and twenty-seven days adrift Pi is the only survivor. Somehow this second story told with hardly any details and seems more believable. By telling two different stories, Author wants to highlight the single most important concept and raised the question. Which story is better - the story with animals or the story without animals This faith revolves around the entire novel and serves as its conclusion. The center meaning of the book is to convey about man's relationship to animals. Pi is cast adrift in a lifeboat with a zebra, a hyena, an orangutan, and a huge Bengal tiger named Richard Parker. Eventually, just the tiger and he are left in the boat, tale of 227 days at sea. The boat is well stocked for a human. Pi only hope for survival is to keep the tiger content and subservient to him. Pi lives in constant terror of Richard Parker, but manages to keep him supplied with fish, turtles, and fresh water so that he doesn't turn on him. Pi limited Richard Parker territory to the floor of the boat .In real life Richard Parker resembles dangerous people .A boundary should always be drawn and restricts them from crossing their limits or invading our territory Pi becomes increasingly convinced that his fate and the tiger's are inextricably linked and progresses to an uneasy truce between adversaries. Ultimately over the months they are together, he develops an ever-deepening relationship with the animal. But Richard Parker is a wild animal. He never forms an emotional attachment with Pi. Near the end of the novel, Richard Parker disappears into the forest without a trace and never returns. Not a single time he looked back. He unceremoniously concludes the relationship and left Pi with tears and a heavy heart. For Pi, caring for the tiger becomes his darkest moments in life. Like Dangerous people Richard Parker and other animals in the novel are never colored with sentimentality .They are revolving around our lives for their own cause and benefit. And they will never hesitate to leave us. 3. Explain why the author chose a tiger as the main animal protagonist instead of an elephant or rhinoceros Martel portrayed Richard Parker to be anything more than a dangerous Bengal tiger and Pi never to be more than a desperate boy lost at sea. His main aim was to show a 16-year old Indian boy, Pi relationship with a dangerously wild animal and survival through the use of his wits and sheer determination for 227 days at sea. So he chooses Richard Parker main animal protagonist unlike elephant or rhinoceros. A tiger symbolizes a carnivorous, wild and unsentimental animal. As the law of nature eventually rules in the lifeboat and Pi ends up as the tiger's last remaining occupant who lives in constant terror , but manages to keep of Richard Parker supplied with fish,

Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder in the Military Essay Example for Free

Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder in the Military Essay I.  Ã‚  Ã‚   Abstract Stoked by an adversarial media and the run-up to Presidential elections next year, the trauma afflicting our body politic often seems more important than the deaths, physical disability and post-trauma stress disorder that afflict servicemen on the frontlines. In this paper, I review the historical origins and verify the prevalence of what was whimsically called â€Å"soldier’s heart† in the Civil War and â€Å"disordered action of the heart† (DAH) or neurasthenia at the turn of the century and has now gained cognizance as â€Å"battlefield fatigue† or PSTD.    The etiology is vast, since combat stress seems to provoke a great many physical, physiological and anxiety-related disorders.   Lastly, I investigate the treatment options.   War is ever a violent business.   If the North-South Civil War shocked Americans with unheard-of casualty counts and the violence of battles waged at the dawn of the industrial age, World War I traumatized the world with the unremitting violence brought to bear in hopes of breaking the stalemate that was the Western front.   Poison gas, the machine gun, barbed wire, and massed artillery bombardment sent casualty counts sky high.   Besides the United States, 17 other countries on both sides of the â€Å"war to end all wars† suffered no less than 5.7 million soldiers killed and another 12.8 million wounded. Soldiers at the frontline were brutalized by the sheer violence of artillery bombardments, the random deaths these caused and the experience of seeing an unceasing number of their fellow soldiers slaughtered by gas or machine gun fire.   It was then that the nervous condition first termed â€Å"war neurosis† or â€Å"neurasthenia† manifested in great numbers.   Eventually, the equivalent term â€Å"shell shock† came into wider use. Combat stress reactions first came to the attention of the medical establishment (psychiatry was in an embryonic stage then) in the second half of the 19th century and early in the 20th when physicians came to recognize adverse reactions that had more to do with sustained exposure to battle conditions than any physical injury.   In retrospect, the Civil War condition then termed â€Å"soldier’s heart† was really a form of â€Å"combat stress reaction†. During the Boer War waged by the British in South Africa (1899-1902), due notice had already been given to either â€Å"disordered action of the heart† (DAH) or neurasthenia/shellshock.   Retrospective analysis of British soldiers who had been pensioned off for these conditions (Jones, Vermaas, Beech, Palmer, et al. 2003) found no especially significant difference in mortality compared to comrades who filed for disability owing to bullet or shrapnel wounds. The Russia-Japanese War of 1904 and 1905 gave Russian physicians their first reported exposure to, and the opportunity to try and treat, nervous breakdowns owing to the stress of warfare, compounded by the demoralization of losing to the Japanese. Later in the 20th century, the evolving nature of the battlefield and the enemy – World War II, the Vietnam War, the Iraq and Afghan occupations being the more prominent examples – created unexpected new sources of stress that complicated the combat fatigue syndrome and led to the broader â€Å"post-traumatic stress disorder† coming into wide use.   So whereas â€Å"combat fatigue† referred to â€Å"a mental disorder caused by the stress of active warfare†, â€Å"PTSD† revolved on post-combat â€Å"fatigue, shock or neurosis†. V.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Statement of the Problem: In this research paper, we review the available authoritative sources to assess: The continuing prevalence of PSTD in the varied conditions of modern warfare. Short- and long-term therapy employed to resolve the disorder. The extent to which familial and community support ameliorates PSTD and improves patient outlook. For a world that has experienced unremitting conflict since World War II, whether orthodox warfare, low-intensity conflict or insurgency, chances are that anticipating and providing therapy for stress disorders will be a continuing concern. VI.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Literature Review A.  Ã‚   The Character of Modern Conflict In the aftermath of the Great War many people believed that they had seen the most terrible war the world will ever see. History would prove them wrong. In the century that followed, war became even more traumatic and horrifying in its brutality. From the Russian civil war to the present conflict in Iraq, war took an ever-heavier toll on the human psyche. Technology improved the methods by which death might be delivered but it has done nothing to strengthen the minds of those who had to bear it. The Russian civil war that succeeded until after World War I was a horror to behold. Thousands died in the fighting between the White Russians and Red Russians. Thousands more froze in the winter for lack of appropriate gear. Worse, many civilians were murdered by both sides on mere suspicion of being collaborators. World War II was a litany of terrors. Whole societies were brainwashed into supporting the war from an ideological standpoint. Millions of Jews were gassed and burned in the holocaust simply being Jews. The SS, the KGB and the Kempetai would murder anyone at whim. Thousands of women were kidnapped and raped as â€Å"comfort women† by the Imperial Japanese Army. More than the individual or large-scale slaughter of men, the true horror of WWII was the torture it inflicted on societies. Entire cities were razed to the ground in terror bombing. Cities became prison cells where starving denizens were forced to labor endlessly. Men went off to war leaving women to tend the factories and leaving no one to care for the children. Then there was the Atomic Bomb. A scant few scores of thousands died. Both cities were leveled to the ground. The radioactive damaged would endure for years. Even those who tried to help the victims were themselves victimized by the radiation. In Korea and Vietnam, millions were fielded in grueling civil wars. Korean fought against Korean backed by Communist and Imperialist masters. The same would be true for Vietnam but with the inclusion of terrible chemical weapons that defoliated forests and would cause harm for generations to come.   In turn, the Viet Cong and Khmer Rouge executed savage campaigns against their own people. The Arab-Israeli and Iraq-Iran wars would institutionalize child-soldiery. Israel had a scant 4 million citizens to oppose over 200 million Arabs. When attacked by the Arabs, Israel would be forced to deploy all its manpower, along with women, to help fight off the invaders. Chemical weapons were also used. The Israelites were left to defend their small nation against all their neighbors. Iraq and Iran would field child soldiers in countless thousands. They would be given rifles then thrown into battle against hardened veterans in the hope of at least slowing down the enemy. Muslim killed each other over essentially religious disputes. But perhaps the worst war of the 20th century would be the War on Terror. In the past the enemy was a specific country or group of countries. If they bomb our territory we can bomb theirs. But today, the enemy is not a nation. Today, servicemen in Iraq or Afghanistan do not know where or when the enemy will strike. All they know is that the enemy is out there lurking amongst a hostile population. The war on terror also has another unsavory aspect. The ‘enemy’ resort to bombing civilian targets back home. Worse, the soldiers know that their victories will only make the enemy more desperate and make them retaliate more against innocent civilians. As if the violence of outright warfare and low-intensity conflict were not enough, American and British forces of occupation as well as the soldiers of every nation that serve in U.N. peacekeeping forces confront at least equal prospects of PTSD.   Whether in the Korean DMZ, the former Yugoslavia, Iraq, Afghanistan, Somalia, Lebanon, Ireland, or Timor, every soldier on such assignments faces a multitude of perils. In many cases, peacekeeping forces are in a low-intensity-conflict situation but hampered by rules of engagement that deny them the right to shoot first and shrug it off as a mistake.   The potential for battlefield fatigue climbs higher with alien cultures and religions, a seemingly ungrateful, resentful and even hostile native population, suicide attacks, well-armed guerillas, booby traps, mortar and improvised missile attacks.   Such occupying forces are also apt to lose the public relations war for being unable to stop factions from slaughtering each other such as happened in Iraq, Afghanistan, Israel, Lebanon, East Timor and Rwanda.   And perhaps the unkindest cut of all is when their own country’s media deliberately distort the casualty count from fratricidal or genocidal conflict as having been caused by the occupying or peacekeeping forces! B.  Ã‚   Incidence of â€Å"Shell Shock†, PTSD and Precipitating Events When â€Å"shell shock† came to be widely recognized in World War I, the initial hypothesis was that it was induced by an inordinate number of fatal casualties.   In fact, about 10% of all military forces then engaged succumbed on the battlefield, double the rate in World War II (less than 5%, in great part because the wide availability of sulfanilamide averted more deaths from battlefield infection).   Later came the realization that it was total casualty count that really mattered.   Historical research shows that around 56% of soldiers on the Western Front were either killed or wounded.   When every other fellow in one’s platoon gets hit, fatally or not, it is no wonder that stress casualties were as numerous as battle casualties. The term itself, â€Å"shell shock† reveals the ingrained belief that psychiatric casualties from the horrors of the battles of the Somme, Marne, Ypres, etc. had suffered concussion (physical trauma to the head or brain) from a close call with an exploding artillery shell.   Nearly a decade elapsed before a British War Office Committee realized (Military History Companion, 2004) that battle exhaustion and other varieties of war neuroses accounted for a far greater proportion of cases than concussion did. Great Britain having entered the fray early, the numbers of servicemen afflicted with â€Å"shell shock† and assorted neuroses were significant. By 1939, some 120,000 British ex-servicemen had received final awards for primary psychiatric disability or were still drawing pensions – about 15% of all pensioned disabilities – and another 44,000 or so †¦ were getting pensions for ‘soldier’s heart’ or Effort Syndrome. (Shephard, 2000) In the post-World War II era, the Vietnam war can be counted the most traumatic for the U.S. military, not least because of the failure to achieve a clear-cut victory and the dissatisfaction of the American public with a war that dragged on so long.   Since the fall of Saigon in 1975, estimates of the long-term incidence of â€Å"post-Vietnam syndrome† (now recognized as PTSD) among veterans varied from a high of 30% in 1989 and a slightly lower 21% in 1996 (Allis, 2005). The most authoritative review in recent years, by researchers from Columbia University and other institutions, suggested that the lower end of the range was the more realistic figure: nearly 19 percent of Vietnam War veterans succumbed to PTSD as a direct result of military combat.   In addition, The more severe the exposure to war zone stresses, the greater the likelihood of developing post-traumatic stress disorder and having it persist for many years, said Bruce P. Dohrenwend, an epidemiologist at Columbia University. (McKenna, 2006). Fast forward to the current occupation of Iraq.   The Defense Department reports, based on a sample survey of over 1,600 Army soldiers and Marines, that around one-third (30 percent) of those who had been in â€Å"intense combat† were diagnosed with such mental health problems as PTSD and depression.   Incidence appeared higher among soldiers deployed to Iraq at least twice and for more than six months at a time (Bookman, 2007).   So distressing is the occupation, according to an Army study, that one in six of close 1 million soldiers â€Å"surged† to Afghanistan and Iraq will very likely be afflicted with PTSD (Allis, op. cit.). The reality turned out to be worse.   Even more appalling estimates of incidence were reported by what has to be the most thorough accounting of the prevalence of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and conditions resembling chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS), a survey by Kang, Natelson, Mahan, Lee, Murphy (2003) on the entire population of 15,000 Gulf War and 15,000 non-Gulf-War veterans.   Information was gathered in 1995-97. Gulf War veterans reported significantly higher incidence of PTSD (adjusted odds ratio = 3.1, 95% confidence interval: 2.7, 3.4) and CFS (adjusted odds ratio = 4.8, 95% confidence interval: 3.9, 5.9). Furthermore, â€Å"the prevalence of PTSD increased monotonically across six levels of deployment-related stress intensity (test for trend: p 0.01). Back home, the Department of Veterans Affairs reported on an investigation of principally Persian Gulf War veterans (79%) who had availed of the National Referral Program (NRP) and visited war-related illness and injury study centers meant for combat veterans with unexplained illnesses . Over the period from January 2002 to March 2004†¦ The more common diagnoses were chronic fatigue syndrome (n = 23, 43%), neurotic depression (n = 21, 40%), and post-traumatic stress disorder (n = 20, 38%). Self-reported exposures related to weaponry†¦ environmental hazards, stress†¦A small increase in mean SF-36V mental component scores (2.8 points, p = 0.009) and use of rehabilitation therapies (1.6 additional visits, p = 0.018) followed the NRP referral (Lincoln, Helmer, Schneiderman, Li, et al. 2006). The political furor over U.S. deployment in the Middle East has led to permutations, including what Baker (2001) refers to as â€Å"Gulf War Illness†.   The more combat exposure they had had, the greater the likelihood that veterans manifest depression, PTSD, fibromyalgia, anxiety, and have generally poorer â€Å"health-related quality of life†. For the British, a more sanguine view about involvement in Iraq may explain a finding that deployment to that strife-torn arena does not necessarily lead to increased risk of PTSD. Simon Wessely of the Kings Centre for Military Health Research at Kings College London reports that there is no evidence of anything like an Iraq war syndrome and that British troops returning from deployment were no more likely than U.K.-based soldiers to succumb to PTSD, anxiety or depression (New Scientist, 2006).   Wessely seemed heartened by the fact that PTSD casualties this time around were significantly lower than during the earlier, even less controversial Persian Gulf War of 1991. He also explained the advantage vis-à  -vis incidence of around 20% for U.S. troops on three facts.   First of all, British troops are more battle-hardened. Two-thirds of British troops have been in deployments elsewhere, compared with only 10 per cent of US troops.   Secondly the US also uses more reservists (in the form of National Guard units) and has responsibility for the worst of the hostile combat zones.   To an outside observer, the adversarial stance of the U.S. press and the inability of the American public to withstand sustained conflicts not amenable to victory over a visible enemy also count as contributing factors. It would take an Englishman to look into the topic but tongue-in-cheek analysis by Ismail et al. (2000) of U.K. Gulf War veterans revealed that the chances of falling prey to PTSD are greater with lower rank (and, presumably, lower social status) and if one leaves the service. Some research has shown that, far from being a steady state or amenable to permanent remission, PTSD has a way of recurring with the re-occurrence of the original precipitating factors or other less specific pressures, such as with serious illness or the sudden lifestyle change of retirement.   In Israel, reactivation is a constant possibility owing to the fact the nation is always in a state of war with recalcitrant enemies so this potential trigger has come under scrutiny (Nachshoni Singer, 2006).   Case studies suggested that PTSD can recur even when the call to duty is for a family member. C.  Ã‚   Symptomatology In World War I, â€Å"shell shock† was observed principally as nervous fatigue.   The famous photograph (see Figure 1, above) of a patient manifesting the â€Å"thousand-yard stare† became the enduring image of intolerable combat stress: glassy-eyed fatigue, slow reactions, indecisiveness, being detached from one’s immediate surroundings, and a certain vagueness about that needed doing first. So great were the numbers afflicted and so vividly did the novel phenomenon manifest itself that even the popular press in the U.K. could accurately report the symptoms of battle trauma: â€Å"Something was wrong. They put on civilian clothes again and looked to their mothers and wives very much like the young men who had gone to business in the peaceful days before August 1914. But they had not come back the same men. Something had altered in them. They were subject to sudden moods, and queer tempers, fits of profound depression alternating with a restless desire for pleasure. Many were easily moved to passion where they lost control of themselves, many were bitter in their speech, violent in opinion, frightening. (Shephard, op. cit.) The unfortunate circumstance of decades of unending small-scale conflict and insurgency campaigns post-World War II have enabled military psychiatrists to more fully define three key facets of combat neurosis and PTSD: fatigue, psychosomatic manifestations and neurotic symptoms. Fatigue is the common denominator behind indecision and inability to concentrate, memory loss, constant waffling about priorities, little initiative, significantly slowed reaction time, seriously downgraded alertness and thought processes, taking refuge in obsessing and nitpicking unimportant details, and, most telling of all, difficulty with even routine tasks. The element of neurosis crops up as fearfulness, anxiety, irritability, depression, confusion, paranoiac tendencies, fear of loss of control, and self-destructive behavior such as substance abuse or suicide. Consequently, PTSD patients manifest the entire spectrum of somatically-induced disorders: headaches, backaches, (see also Mayor, 2000) being constantly high-strung, shaking and tremors, sweating, nausea and vomiting, loss of appetite, abdominal distress, frequency of urination, urinary incontinence, palpitations, hyperventilation, dizziness, muscle and joint pain (see also Ricks, 1997),   insomnia and other sleep disorders.   Barrett et al. (2002) found this psychosomatic explanation incomplete.    In a telephone survey of 3,682 Gulf War veterans and control subjects of the same era, the authors revealed that â€Å"Veterans screening positive for PTSD reported significantly more physical health symptoms and medical conditions than did veterans without PTSD. They were also more likely to rate their health status as fair or poor and to report lower levels of health-related quality of life.† D.  Ã‚   Long-term Effects No doubt, psychosomatic disorders are of a piece with another syndrome physicians like to point to chronic multisymptom illness (CMI).   Building on earlier studies that demonstrated CMI being more common among veterans who deployed to Saudi Arabia and Kuwait in contrast with those who had never participated in that campaign, Blanchard, Eisen, Alpern, Karlinsky, Toomey, Reda, Murphy, Jackson and Kang (2006) set out to assess the situation ten years after deployment and found that veterans were twice as likely to develop CMI: Cross-sectional data collected from 1,061 deployed veterans and 1,128 nondeployed veterans examined between 1999 and 2001 were analyzed. CMI prevalence was 28.9% among deployed veterans and 15.8% among nondeployed veterans (odds ratio = 2.16, 95% confidence interval: 1.61, 2.90). Blanchard et al. noted that those who did suffer from CMI had already been diagnosed for anxiety and depression unrelated to PTSD prior to 1991.   Common CMI manifestations comprised frank medical symptoms, metabolic and psychiatric disorders.   And those afflicted were more likely to smoke, besides reporting distinctly inferior quality of life. M Hotopf, Anthony S David, Lisa Hull, Vasilis Nikalaou, et al. (2003) carried out one of the more comprehensive and authoritative studies of long-term effects, a two-stage cohort study on British soldiers who had deployed during the 1991 Persian Gulf War or on peacekeeping duties in Bosnia. The study relied on four instruments: â€Å"self reported fatigue measured on the Chalder fatigue scale; psychological distress measured on the general health questionnaire, physical functioning and health perception on the SF-36; and a count of physical symptoms.†Ã‚   Military personnel who had been deployed elsewhere served as control group. Table 1 Prevalence of Categorical   Outcomes (Values are percentages [.95 CL] unless otherwise indicated) Gulf Bosnia Era Stage 1 Stage 2 Ratio* (new cases/recovered cases) Stage 1 Stage 2 Ratio* (new cases/recovered cases) Stage 1 Stage 2 Ratio* (new cases/recovered cases) Fatigue cases 48.8 (45.4 to 52.2) 43.4 (39.9 to 46.8) 0.65 (0.45 to 0.85) 29.0 (25.6 to 32.4) 32.7 (28.6 to 36.8) 1.21 (0.83 to 1.59) 22.8 (20.0 to 25.6) 22.0 (18.6 to 25.4) 0.91 (0.56-1.26) Post-traumatic stress reaction cases 12.4 (10.7 to 14.2) 10.8 (9.1 to 12.5) 0.73 (0.47 to 0.99) 5.7 (4.0 to 7.4) 6.0 (4.2 to 7.8) 1.07 (0.49 to 1.65) 4.0 (2.6 to 5.3) 6.6 (4.8 to 8.4) 2.45 (0.88-4.02) General health questionnaire cases 40.0 (36.8 to 43.2) 37.1 (33.8 to 40.4) 0.79 (0.59 to 1.00) 29.2 (25.5 to 32.9) 31.5 (27.4 to 35.6) 1.25 (0.84 to 1.67) 25.3 (21.7 to 28.9) 23.8 (20.1 to 27.6) 0.88 (0.56-1.20) Self reported Gulf war syndrome 18.6 (16.2 to 21.1) 15.8 (13.3 to 18.2) 0.58 (0.25 to 0.90) All prevalence estimates are weighted for sampling. * Values of 1 indicate declining prevalence. Ratios are weighted for sampling. Gulf veterans evinced a higher prevalence of fatigue, post-traumatic stress reaction, self-reported Gulf War syndrome and general health compared to the other two cohorts. The difference is consistent throughout stages 1 and 2. However, the veterans in question did show some improvement on all four measures over time. Table 2 Scores (.95 CL) for Continuous Measures, by Cohort and Stage Gulf Bosnia Era Stage 1 Stage 2 Difference Stage 1 Stage 2 Difference Stage 1 Stage 2 Difference SF-36* physical function 90.3 (88.3 to 91.3) 88.7 (87.6 to 89.9) -1.6 (-2.5 to -0.7) 95.4 (94.4 to 96.4) 92.9 (91.6 to 94.1) -2.6 (-3.8 to -1.3) 92.1 (90.6 to 93.6) 90.8 (89.2 to 92.3) -1.3 (-2.7 to 0.1) SF-36* health perception 65.8 (64.1 to 67.5) 65.9 (64.2 to 67.6) 0.1 (-1.2 to 1.4) 76.2 (74.4 to 77.9) 72.9 (71.0 to 74.8) -3.3 (-5.1 to -1.6) 76.8 (75.0 to 78.6) 74.4 (72.4 to 76.4) -2.4 (-4.2 to -0.6) General health questionnaire 14.5 (14.1 to 14.9) 14.2 (13.8 to 14.5) -0.3 (0.1, -0.6) 13.1 (12.7 to 13.6) 13.2 (12.7 to 13.7) 0.1 (-0.4 to 0.6) 12.4 (12.0 to 12.8) 12.9 (12.5 to 13.3) 0.5 (0.05 to 1.0) Fatigue 17.8 (17.4 to 18.1) 16.9 (16.5 to 17.2) -0.9 (-1.2 to -0.6) 15.6 (15.2 to 16.0) 15.3 (14.9 to 15.7) -0.3 (-0.7 to 0.2) 14.7 (14.3 to 15.0) 14.9 (14.5 to 15.3) 0.2 (-0.2 to 0.6) Total symptoms 11.0 (10.4 to 11.6) 10.7 (10.1 to 11.3) -0.3 (-0.8 to 0.1) 6.2 (5.6 to 6.8) 7.9 (7.3 to 8.5) 1.7 (1.2 to 2.3) 5.3 (4.8 to 5.8) 6.4 (5.8 to 7.0) 1.1 (0.6 to 1.6) All scores are weighted for sampling. For SF-36 scores, negative differences in mean indicate a worsening in health. For other scales, negative scores indicate an improvement in health. * SF-36 scales range from 0-100, with higher scores indicating better health.   Table 3- Incidence and Persistence of Outcomes. (Values presented with 0.95 CLs) Incidence Persistence Cohort Risk Crude odds ratio Corrected odds ratio* Risk Crude odds ratio Corrected odds ratio* General health questionnaire cases: Gulf 20.2 (16.4 to 24.0) 1.0 1.0 61.8 (57.3 to 66.3) 1.0 1.0 Bosnia 21.2 (16.7 to 25.8) 1.1 (0.7 to 1.5) 0.9 (0.6 to 1.4) 58.9 (51.9 to 65.8) 0.9 (0.6 to 1.1) 1.1 (0.7 to 1.6) Era 15.4 (11.4 to 19.4) 0.7 (0.5 to 1.1) 0.7 (0.5 to 1.1) 48.4 (41.0 to 55.9) 0.8 (0.6 to 1.1) 0.6 (0.4 to 0.8) Fatigue cases: Gulf 18.8 (14.4 to 23.1) 1.0 1.0 69.7 (66.4 to 73.0) 1.0 1.0 Bosnia 19.8 (15.1 to 24.4) 1.1 (0.7 to 1.6) 0.9 (0.6 to 1.5) 59.9 (54.2 to 65.6) 0.6 (0.5 to 0.9) 0.7 (0.5 to 1.0) Era 11.2 (7.5 to 15.0) 0.6 (0.3 to 0.9) 0.5 (0.3 to 0.9) 58.2 (53.1 to 63.4) 0.6 (0.5 to 0.8) 0.7 (0.5 to 0.9) Post-traumatic stress reaction cases: Gulf 5.0 (3.6 to 6.4) 1.0 1.0 51.8 (44.8 to 58.9) 1.0 1.0 Bosnia 4.0 (2.5 to 5.5) 0.8 (0.5 to 1.3) 0.8 (0.4 to 1.5) 38.9 (24.3 to 53.3) 0.6 (0.3 to 1.2) 0.8 (0.4 to 1.8) Era 4.6 (3.0 to 6.2) 0.9 (0.6 to 1.5) 0.9 (0.5 to 1.5) 54.8 (37.8 to 71.9) 1.1 (0.5 to 2.4) 1.2 (0.6 to 2.7) * Controlled for demographic variables (age, sex, rank, marital status). Comparing scores for continuous measures, one sees that Gulf War veterans were less healthy at both stages of the longitudinal study, though they were stable as far as health perceptions were concerned and reported a statistically-significant, if slight, reduction in fatigue. One concedes that physical functioning declined for all three cohorts. Additionally, Gulf veterans were more likely to experience persistent fatigue compared with the Era and Bosnia cohorts, a finding that remained significant after controlling for potential confounders (P = 0.009). Overall, despite being less likely to manifest less fatigue (48.8% at stage 1, 43.4% at stage 2) and a lower prevalence of psychological distress (40.0% stage 1, 37.1% stage 2) over time, veterans of the Gulf War reported a decline in physical function on the SF-36 (90.3 stage 1, 88.7 stage 2).   By all measures used, this group also attested to worse health indicators: a higher incidence of illness and more persistent symptoms. Twelve years after helping smash the Iraqi incursion into Kuwait, the authors concluded, â€Å"Gulf war veterans continue to experience symptoms that are considerably worse than would be expected in an equivalent cohort of military personnel. However, Gulf war veterans are not deteriorating and do not have a higher incidence of new illnesses† (Hotopf et al., op. cit.) E.  Ã‚   Treatment Recommendations and Best Practice 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   World War I Since little is known about the methods Russians used to treat their shock casualties during the Russo-Japanese War, the noted English psychologist Charles Myers – first University Lecturer in Cambridge (for the course Experimental Psychology) and appointed Consulting Psychologist to the Army in 1916 – is generally credited with the first systematic effort to treat PTSD (Bartlett, 1937). While espousing the benefits of a congenial environment, psychotherapeutic regimens and even hypnosis, Myers was very emphatic about the value of providing succor as promptly as possible.   Key to his proposals, therefore, was the establishment of special centers and rest homes close to the frontlines. By Christmas 1916, two developments led to modifications of Myers’ preferred regimen.   First, the British Adjutant General resisted physicians’ opinions that a soldier was a shock casualty and insisted on obtaining a certification from the victim’s commanding officer to the effect that the trauma was due to physical causes.   This attitude was shared by the eminent British neurologist Sir Gordon Morgan Holmes, CMG CBE FRS, who was put in charge of the very active northern part of the front in December.   Physicians reacted to the delays in committing victims to neurological centers by sending the men back to their units and urging their superiors to both monitor and engage with them. By 1917, therefore, treatment for â€Å"not yet diagnosed nervous† (NYDN) had evolved to embrace the so-called â€Å"PIE principles†: Proximity – treatment close to the front and within earshot of the fighting to convince the soldier there was nothing wrong with him; Immediacy treat without delay and give equal priority with wounded casualties; and, Expectancy – assure all victims of their return to the front after due rest and recovery. Reviewing the CSR toll after the war, the British War Office saw fit to recommend treatment programs that included: Physical therapy – baths, application of mild electric current (recall that medicine has advanced greatly in the eight decades since then), massage rest and general recuperation; Psychotherapy emphasizing â€Å"explanation, persuasion and suggestion†; and, Crafts and hobbies; Hypnotherapy in selected cases for inducing deep sleep and evoking repressed memories. As a rule, the British view of the time was weighted toward returning the afflicted soldier to useful employment in civilian life.   For the military establishment was gravely concerned about the battlefield dangers of patients who manifested severe anxiety neuroses, other neuroses that required confinement in a mental institution or expert treatment back in the U.K itself. Exhaustive research on combat stress reactions in the intervening years failed to prove conclusively that PIE-based programs were effective in forestalling PTSD (U.S. Dept of Veterans Affairs, n.d.).   Hence, American Armed Forces are now more likely to be administered some variation of the BICEPS model: Brevity Immediacy Centrality or Contact Expectancy Proximity Simplicity 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   World War II The catastrophic experiences of World War I did not   seem to adequately inform or pervasively improve Allied preparations as war clouds loomed in Europe.   A generation had passed and British army doctors had generally served in France in the earlier conflict.   Still, Shephard notes (op. cit.), they initially floundered about and it was not until 1942 that the first psychiatric hospital was even set up (for the then-beleaguered Middle East Force).   When the time came to invade Normandy in June 1944, British army physicians quickly forsook the expectancy principle and routinely returned battle trauma patients home over the Channel. For their part, the Americans initially imposed rigid screening pressures for mental ability in the rush of patriotic fervor that followed Pearl Harbor.   Soon enough, this was abandoned for having no validity.   Too many who tested well succumbed to â€Å"battlefield exhaustion†.   In late 1943, the U.S. military approved a plan to add a psychiatrist to the T.O. E. of every Army division shipping overseas but it was not implemented until March 1944, when the drive up the Italian â€Å"boot† was well underway. This late in the war, nonetheless, the Allies made an important discovery: camaraderie and unit cohesion were effective shields against â€Å"exhaustion†.   This finding naturally enough placed a premium on strong, effective leadership. The Germans were more unequivocal in placing great reliance on the quality of the officer corps.   In their view, the â€Å"war neuroses† that sapped the will of their fighting men was tantamount to cowardice and deserved to be treated as such.   Beginning in 1942, however, when the Allies started the counterattack and the Afrika Korps was stymied, hospitalizations owing to battlefield trauma became too numerous to ignore (Belenky, 1987). 3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   New approaches in the Post-War Period Among other developments, the Israelis simplified PIE procedures by heightening the degree of support administered but keeping therapeutic confinement short.   That this works at all is testimony to a nation of citizen-soldiers who must keep the economy working while perpetually staying on a war footing. F.  Ã‚  Ã‚   Treatment Success Rates There is some evidence that proximal treatment is successful   Despite the dual stress of fighting another occupying force, the Syrian Army, and Palestinian â€Å"refugees†, nine in ten CSR were reported fit to return to their units within three days but only 40% for those evacuated to a hospital ship cruising the eastern Mediterranean or back home (Gabriel, 1986).   In turn, the U.S. Army claims in its manual â€Å"Combat Stress Control in a Theater of Operations† a similar success rate for proximate treatment (85%) in the Korean War (U.S. Army, Combat Stress Control in a Theater of Operations, n.d.).   However, neither source tracked the long-term mental health of these soldiers, precisely the context in which one would expect PTSD to manifest. A ray of hope is, however, cast by an authoritative Columbia University study (McKenna, op. cit.) suggesting that the majority of Vietnam war veterans spontaneously recovered from PTSD over time, frequently without having recourse to treatment from mental health professionals. VII.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Conclusions This review of the literature affirms that the advent of combat stress went hand-in-hand with the advent of industrial-era weaponry (in the Civil War) and mechanized warfare in succeeding conflicts.   PTSD has many manifestations, can recur without warning and is certainly debilitating. Even with the advent of psychotherapy, occupational therapy and tranquilizers, treatment centers still purvey variations on the BICEPS and PIE theoretical models, the latter developed by British physicians during World War I.   There remains a great deal of uncertainty about the proximity component of the PIE model – returning the soldier to combat – after suffering CSR.   It seems battlefront physicians take â€Å"successful cure† to mean being able to return warm bodies to the frontlines.   Critics assert that re-exposure to combat is likely to aggravate matters in the future and perhaps even precipitate PTSD altogether.   Though the longest available cohort study spanned just 10 years, there is no question now that PSTD has long-term effects. Future researchers need to investigate more thoroughly the psychosocial, military, and environmental risk factors that stimulate onset or, on the other hand, recovery.   One factor that bears investigation in-depth is the impact of victory or setbacks in a campaign. To the extent that high morale and good leadership have been shown to have a moderating or even protective effect, one wonders what are the effects of fighting for survival (e.g. Israel), of community and country united behind a war effort (the Korean War, the Malayan emergency), of service in prior conflicts (the British SAS), of guilt and angst over being the globe’s last remaining policeman, and of coping with feudal cultures whose people are just as willing to apply savage tactics against U.S. servicemen as against each other.   At the very least, further research might seek to determine the impact of attainable victory in sharp contrast with the ennui and self-destructive impatience over protracted conflict that mark American discourse today.   VIII.  Ã‚  Ã‚   References Allis, S. Globe Staff (2005). â€Å"Frontline† examines wars psychological toll  :[THIRD Edition]. Boston Globe, p .E.5. Baker, D. G. (2001). 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